THE 1977 POLICE KILLING OF MCELDON TISDEL

BY JOEL THURTELL

She might as well have shot him herself. 

The cops did the job for her.

The victim was 28-year-old McEldon Tisdel, a black man  living with his family in a nearly all-white village in southwestern Michigan.

Through a closed door on July 29, 1977, an apartment manager heard what she  claimed was a shotgun being pumped. That’s what she told three Berrien Springs-Oronoko Township cops. Two cops backed by a third fired eight bullets into Tisdel where he sat in a chair in his apartment. The cops kicked his family out of the apartment and, according to the Tisdel family’s attorney, held off calling for an ambulance while they arranged “evidence.”

The Berrien County prosecutor ruled it “justifiable homicide.”

I found my file on the Tisdel case last year as I was preparing to teach a Wayne State University class on investigative reporting. For the class, I was preparing a workbook containing exercises that would help students practice at investigative reporting. I wanted them to understand that investigative journalism requires forms of questioning that may challenge conventional thinking. I believe that unconventional questioning requires a unique state of mind that can’t be acquired by studying standard textbooks on reporting and writing news.

I wanted to encourage students to seek questions first, then apply their brains to finding answers. My workbook has a uniform format for presenting a journalistic challenge. First, there is an introductory section such as the one you are now reading. The intro is followed by a reprint of a news article. After the article, I pose a series of questions about its contents and reportorial method.

When I learned of the 2020 police murder of George Floyd, I thought of the 1977 killing of McEldon Tisdel. George Floyd’s death by police was still fresh news as we met the course over Zoom. Two of my students were demonstrating against police brutality in the streets of Detroit. 

I learned about the Tisdel killing when Berrien Springs Village Council members discussed the Tisdel family’s federal lawsuit against the three cops, the apartment manager, and the village and township in a village council meeting. Tisdel’s family wanted $7 million to compensate them for what they claimed was McEldon Tisdel’s wrongful death.

I sent my stories to the South Bend Tribune. They also ran in the weekly Berrien Springs Journal Era. For my WSU students, I presented both sets of stories. You can see them here:

TISDEL POLICE SHOOTING JE SBT 5-27-2020

This is what I told my students over Zoom:

This 43-year-old news story might still contain potential as an investigative report.

The advent of cellphone cameras has made it apparent to the general public that many police shootings are unjustified.

Before cellphones, it was much harder for victims or witnesses to be believed.

Sometimes the facts of a case were so outrageous and unfair that you would think justice would be inevitable. For instance,it is not illegal for a man to rack a shotgun while sitting in a chair in his own apartment.

 

In 1983, the case was settled. The amount of the settlement with the Tisdel family was suppressed. However, two insurance companies sued the two governments, claiming they were not obligated to cover the damages.

While reporting the story for the Berrien Springs Journal Era and South Bend Tribune, I went to the Berrien Springs village office. I needed some official comment. Several village officials were there, including the village president. I said, “Why did the police shoot a man who was sitting in a chair in his own apartment?” There was silence. After a few seconds, Village Clerk Harold Wagner replied. “I’ll tell you why they shot him. They shot him because he was a nigger.”

Do you see differences in the Journal Era and Tribune articles? Does one paper provide more information than the other? There was one author — me. Consider this an experiment. A writer submits the same story (a constant) to two different newspapers. The resulting print versions of the story are the variables. Do the variables differ? Does one published account contain more detail than the other? Is there a pattern to the kind of information appearing in one article and omitted in the other?

Can you relate the differing treatments experienced by this same news story to the argument of Theodore L. Glasser in “Objectivity and News Bias” [see note below] that journalists see themselves as conductors of “facts” filtered through officials?  Note that the source for allegations against the police is an attorney who is not a government official. Might some journalists give less credence to his statements than to comments from an official? Consider that there was no risk in publishing the lawyer’s words — his remarks paralleled his written argument in a federal lawsuit and are exempt from a libel action.

Why does the first Journal Era story on July 16, 1980 refer to the South Bend Tribune for information about the 1977 shooting? Could it be that the Journal Era in 1977 failed to cover a homicide in its own town? How would we find out if the JE covered the story?

How would we build a factual timeline for the case?

Who were the shooters?

What is a “plaintiff”? Who were the plaintiffs in the lawsuit?

Who was plaintiffs’ attorney?

What is a “defendant”? Who were the defendants?

Who is the defendants’ attorney?

Where was the lawsuit filed?

Who was the judge?

Why were two insurance companies involved?

Who was covered and not covered by insurance?

What is an “intentional tort”?

What is a “willful civil wrong”?

Why did one of the insurance companies decline to cover officers?

Why wouldn’t insurance cover more than $300,000 in damages?

What are “punitive damages”?

What does it mean to “settle” a lawsuit?

What does it mean to “suppress” a settlement?

How could we find out how much the case was settled for?

The US District Court case number is K80-440. How would one get access to the case file?

It would be good to have the case file for building our special  knowledge of the circumstances, and for finding names of potential sources.

The amount of the settlement was suppressed. How might we find out that amount?

Would it be worthwhile to check news reports to see if there is mention of an amount?

Ask plaintiffs?

Ask the insurance companies?

Ask the attorneys?

If the two local governments paid money out for the settlement, they would have withdrawn money from public accounts. Could we ask to see those records? Could we look at minutes of village council and township board meetings?

[The Michigan Constitution says government financial records must be disclosed upon request. The Michigan Penal Code requires that  government documents be disclosed upon request during normal business hours. Otherwise, the record-keepers could be jailed or fined.]

Possibly one or both governments assessed a special property tax levy to pay the settlement. Where would tax information be located?

I left the Journal Era in February, 1981. The case was settled two years later.

Would it be worth pursuing a 43-year-old murder case at. this time?

Would it be worthwhile to report on a civil case where the family of a black man killed by police forced those responsible to compensate them for the loss of their son’s life?

Might a story in 2020 encourage other victims’ relatives to pursue killer-cops in the courts?

Do you think Berrien Springs Clerk Harold Wagner was being a racist when he said, “they shot him because he was a nigger?”

Are there different ways to interpret Clerk Wagner’s comment? Is it possible that he used a racially-laden term to make a point? What might such a point be?

Reference

Theodore L. Glasser, “Objectivity and News Bias,” in Elliot D. Cohen, Ed., Philosophical Issues in Journalism (Oxford University Press, 1992), 176-185.

 

 

 

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Canton ham to celebrate 97th in Arkansas

Hank Kress, K8KBW

Hank Kress, K8KBW

BY JOEL THURTELL

One of the last articles I wrote before I retired November 30, 2007 from the Detroit Free Press featured my ham radio operator friend Hank Kress, whose FCC-issued callsign is K8KBW. We were neighbors — he lived in Canton Township, and I live in next door Plymouth Township. We also shared an interest in antique radios, though I don’t think either of us thought of  radios from the 1940s through 1960s as antiques. If they’re antiques, what does that make us?

Well, in Hank’s case, it will make him 97 years old on May 11. I will have turned 75 a few days earlier on the Cinco de Maio.

I used to visit Hank and his ham radio station and workshop in the basement of his house. He was a meticulous builder of radio transmitters. When the Free Press assigned me to write features about people from the western suburbs of Detroit, I thought of Hank. It would be a different kind of feature. I’m one of the few newspaper reporters who has a ham radio license. I’ve been licensed since June 29, 1959, which means I’ve been doing this hobby for more than 60 years.

I lost track of Hank. I wondered whether he was still hamming in the basement of his Canton house. I got the answer yesterday when I read an email from a ham radio friend in northwest Arkansas. Ron Evans, K5XK, wrote that Hank has moved to Arkansas and is a member of the Bella Vista Area Radio Club. Hank is the oldest member of the club, which plans a special birthday salute to him.

With permission of the Detroit Free Press, here is my October 14, 2007 article about Hank Kress.

WHAT’S CANTON HAM BREWING?

By Joel Thurtell, Free Press Staff Writer

They don’t make them like my friend Hank makes them.

Hank Kress of Canton Township is an old-time ham radio operator who’s never been pleased with factory-made transmitters. He’s a practitioner of the slowly disappearing art of creating his own radios. There was a time, back in the early to mid-20th Century, when this would not have been unusual, when most hams built their own radios.

Now, however, state-of-the-art circuits call for manufacturing skills, techniques and parts that few amateurs have. But in the basement “factory” at his Canton house, Hank has designed and is now building his latest creation. It’s a linear amplifier – a kind of transmitter that boosts a low-level radio signal into one that can be measured in hundreds of watts of electromagnetic energy that may travel literally around the world.

Hank called me a few weeks ago urging that I write about a friend of his who’s an artist. The last time I visited Hank’s basement workshop, he was building a compact linear amplifier, and I was amazed at how thoroughly he’d planned this thing.

Hank and I are both hams. Hank was licensed by the Federal Communications Commission as a radio amateur in 1959. Me too. His call sign is K8KBW. Mine is K8PSV. Phonetically, he’s “Kilowatt Eight Kentucky Bourbon Whiskey.” I’m “Kilowatt Eight Pure Smirnoff Vodka.”

We both admire old radio technology. Furthermore, like Hank, I learned as a kid the basics of how to home-brew radios. I have just enough experience to know when I’m in the company of somebody with real talent.

“Yes, Hank,” I said, “I’ll do a story about an artist: You.”

“Don’t put my age in there,” Hank told me. “A lot of people around here don’t know how old I am.” Then he said with a laugh, “They can figure it out anyway; they can do the arithmetic.”

The way he bounds up and down his basement staircase you’d think he was a 30-year-old.

“I built my first one-tube radio when I was 12,” he told me. “A friend of my mom was a ham and he helped me. That was in 1935. When I was 18 years old, I was doing radio service work for Universal Radio in Detroit. That was in 1941. I was going to high school and after school I was doing radio work, fixing household radios.”

Hank graduated from Hamtramck High School that year. He was turned down for military service in World War II because he’s color-blind. Instead of the Army, he joined a band.

“I started taking piano lessons when I was 10, then I took organ. My teacher took advantage of me.” His instructor was the organist at St. Florian Catholic church in Hamtramck. “He taught me organ, then he said, ëWhy don’t you play for the service at 7 in the morning?’ So I played and he slept. I loved it.”

The phone rings in his basement workshop. It’s from St. Hyacinth in Detroit. They’ve got him booked to play the organ for two weddings on the weekend and may need him to play for a funeral.

They like to use him, he said, because: “I’m always available.” He was at one time the organist at St. Francis Cabrini church in Allen Park.

In the 1940s, Hank traveled weekends with a band, fixing radios during the week. In 1948, he opened a radio repair shop in Detroit at Michigan Ave. and Springwells. “TV came in and Motorola allocated me one TV with a 7-inch screen and rabbit ears. I would take that set home and we would sit on a sofa and watch a test pattern – that’s all that was on.”

By the 1950s, he was competing against a shop that advertised $5 fixes for bum TVs. “I couldn’t compete with that.”

He closed Kress Radio and opened a store at Michigan Ave. and Junction selling surplus clothing. He carried fishing gear. “They said, ëHow come you don’t have outboard motors?’ I got outboard motors. Then they said, ëHow come you don’t have boats?’ I got boats.”

When he started fixing motors, city inspectors said he was too close to homes.

So he moved to Allen Park and ran Kress Marine on Southfield at Allen Road in the ’50s and ’60s. He lived in Allen Park from 1955 until 1980. He closed the boat shop in the 1960s, about the time he got a private pilot’s license. He still collects rent from Boston Market, which built a restaurant on the old Kress Marine lot in Allen Park.

From 1980 until 1990, he managed the avionics repair shop for Chrysler Pentastar, Chrysler’s corporate airline then based at Willow Run Airport. He moved to Canton in 1980 to be closer to Willow Run.

He had to retire from Chrysler in 1990 when he turned 65. He sold his airplane that year, too.

He kept his radios, and now, more than ever, he’s busy with them. “This is a great hobby for a retiree,” he said. “You talk to people all over instead of sitting upstairs watching TV.”

He builds, exclusively, devices called linear amplifiers – a fancy way of saying that the equipment translates low-power signals from a transmitter to high-wattage signals he broadcasts through his antenna.

Hank builds his amplifiers from combinations of plans he finds in manuals and magazines. He uses parts he gleans from other radios, including military radios from World War II. They are as good as and probably better than anything he could buy ready-made.

On his desk, fully operational, is the compact amplifier I saw in the building stages several years ago. Not far away is an amplifier so big it’s housed in a tall cabinet that reaches nearly to waist level.

His current project is a compressed version of that big amp. He’s building it in modules, assembling it a piece at a time. It’s a work of art, from a craftsman whose first work was that one-tube receiver he built 72 years ago.

“After that, I added a tube to it and made it a two-tube set,” Hanks says. “Little by little, you learn by building. In the early days, building was almost a necessity. Now they buy it in a box, take it out and put it on the air.

“You tell them you built it and they get interested. Why don’t people home-brew? Parts are difficult to get. And when I get done with that thing, it will cost me more than I could buy it on eBay.”

If it’s not a money-saver, why do it?

“When I work contacts, I can say the amplifier is home brew, and that makes me feel good.”

 

 

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THE DOWNWARD SPIRAL — underground at the Free Press

BY JOEL THURTELL

Thirty years ago, journalists at Detroit’s two daily newspapers were just waking up to the realities of the merger of their operations into one operation aimed at making a fortune for owners Knight-Ridder and Gannett.

No, no, no! How cynical! It was all about the poor, downtrodden Detroit Free Press writhing in its deadly downward spiral of subscription and advertising losses.

Well, if you believe that, I’ve got a cure for the corona virus I’d like to sell you.

The best discussion of that fabricated history is former Detroit News reporter Brian Gruley’s brilliant Paper Losses: A Modern Epic of Greed and Betrayal at America’s Two Largest Newspaper Companies (Grove Press, New York, 1993).

If you can stomach it, Richard McCord details the vicious war waged by newspaper giant Gannett against one one newspaper in The Chain Gang: One Newspaper versus the Gannett Empire (University of Missouri Press, Columbia and London, 1996). 

But I didn’t call this meeting to puff a pair of books, seminal as each of these volumes is to understanding the media world in Detroit.

No, indeed. My purpose for bringing us together was to reminisce about a minor insurrection that a handful of us Detroit Free Press newsies undertook during that gruesome time when the merger of these two once big daily newspapers was taking place.

It was not a happy time to be a journalist at either paper. No end of sucking up to governments and politicians went on during the late 1980’s as the two media giants tried to persuade the US Justice Department to approve a union of two businesses that normally would have been forbidden by anti-trust laws.

For a few months, episodically, we published issues of our clandestine newsletter that we called “The Downward Spiral” in parody of Knight-Ridder’s flagrantly phony claim that the Free press was a “failing newspaper.” An Administrative law judge didn’t buy the ruse. Eventually, he was over-ruled, but not before Fee Press editorial page Editor Joe Stroud censored three of the paper’s cartoons for fear they would offend then US Attorney General Edwin Meese.

In the runup to the merger, the Free Press concocted what it hoped would be a Pulitzer Prize-winning set of stories that chronicled, supposedly, a weekend look at the crack cocaine scene in Detroit. It was fiction. A better title would have been “Nine Months of Prepping for 24 hours of crack.” A reporter and a photographer wound up hung out to dry for lying to the same editors who lied to readers about their cooked-up, botched-up project. The first edition of The Downward Spiral on November 20, 1989 exposed the paper’s charlatanry in an essay written by yours truly called “Nightmarish Quest.” THE DOWNWARD SPIRAL # 1 11-20-1989

The second issue of The Downward Spiral on November 26, 1989 featured a story by business writer Bernie Shellum that was censored by the Free Press. Hard to figure out why. Its lead stated:

Worsening business conditions are sending shivers through the newspaper industry, but Wall Street analysts still forecast a speedy recovery and robust profits from the partial merger of the financially ailing Free Press and Detroit News. THE DOWNWARD SPIRAL # 2 11-26-1989

The papers didn’t want to make a big deal of how much money the expected to make, because they needed to poor mouth the labor unions in contract talks. It was indeed prophesied that Gannett and Knight-Ridder would share $100 million a year in profits from the Joint Operating Agreement that combined their two Detroit papers.

The third issue of The Downward Spiral on December 4, 1989 featured a front page editorial by then Free press copy editor Mike Betzold entitled “We Have Met the Enemy…Us.” Beztold argued that neither newspaper management, union leaders, union negotiators nor the economy were to blame for what he considered a bad contract between the papers and unions. “We have to grow up, sober up and get to work on building a much stronger union,” wrote Betzold. THE DOWNWARD SPIRAL # 3 12-4-1989

The fourth issue of The Downward Spiral on December 15, 1989 had two lead editorials on its front page. The headline was directed at Knight-Ridder CEO Alvah Chapman — “Yes, Alvah, There Is A Santa — Overtime! Downward Spiral Says ‘Give Yourself A Well-Deserved Raise’ ” It urged union members to make the best of “a contract unworthy of the proud, hardworking and loyal work force” at both papers. It noted that managers took part in a Management By Objective program that awarded them bonuses based on how close they came to achieving goals they set for themselves early in the year. No such bonuses went to non-management staff, but Newspaper Guild members are urged to claim pay for overtime.

“Remember what E.T., the extra-terrestrial once said:

“O.T. Phone Home.”

A companion editorial written by me was headlined “THE ETHICAL DILEMMA: DO I OR DON’T I?” and noted that the newspaper merger got off to an ugly start for the Free Press with the News exposing an unsavory deal cut by Free Press editors eager for a quick hit in an ongoing story where the News was eating the DFP’s lunch. It was the scandal du jour of Detroit Police Chief William Hart’s embezzlement of city money. The News revealed Free Press bosses were so eager for a scoop that they guaranteed their sources in a contract that said the newspaper would cover their court costs if the sources were sued for leaking documents to the Freep. Offered the same deal first, the News smelled farts and turned it down.

The story was more amazing to staffers than to the public, because, as The Downward Spiral noted, “Hadn’t (Free Press) Executive Editor Heath Meriwether and Free Press attorney Herschel Fink lectured the staff last spring on the evils of signing contracts with sources which could financially obligate the paper? The meeting was called, it seems, because a veteran Free Press reporter acting alone, had guaranteed in writing not to reveal a source’s name in the newspaper. Editors were very displeased.”

“Ethical Dilemma” also called ironically for the Free Press to delete “the section on paying for news in the Freep’s 1984 ethical guidelines” after another staff meeting when “Executive Editor Meriwether was asked why sports columnist Mitch Albom was allowed to have a business relationship with a source he continues to cover. Seems Albom and University of Michigan football coach Bo Schembechler co-authored a biography of Bo, and the columnist hasn’t stopped writing adulatory Freep stories about his partner.”

What did e mean by “adulatory”? The Spiral defined the word by noting that a December 14, 1989 front page column by Albom gushed about his business partner Schembechler’s retirement:  “There goes a legend…What will Michigan be without Bo?…Here walks the ultimate coach… And the feeling is like losing an old friend…There goes a legend.”  THE DOWNWARD SPIRAL # 4 12-15-1989

Planning for the fifth issue of The Downward Spiral sparked controversy among the Spiral staff. We had acquired an actual MBO — Management By Objective — letter from early in the year 1989. After crafting his summary of yearly goals, an editor had carelessly left the document where a non-management staff person discovered it. The staffer diligently passed the letter to members of The Downward Spiral staff. The fact of the leak was itself leaked by a loose-lipped Spiral staffer to a manager over  lunch.

Management began damage control by putting out the false report that the MBO program had been ended. But there were independent proofs of the MBO system, including an explanatory “Friendly Fast Facts” note by Feee Press publisher David Lawrence helpfully explaining how MBO works. A hot argument over whether the letter should be printed in the Spiral ended with the decision to run it without either the name of the manager-author or his boss.

The letter was significant, because it acknowledged without using the term that the Free Press was redlining. It was favoring news about the white suburbs over news from demographically poorer areas such as Detroit. The letter said, “Let’s make sure we’re covering the issues that mat her to people as part of our goal of becoming essential, especially in the suburbs. (Italics added by manager)

The Management By Objective letter also verified that the Free Press had a racial quota system. The manager wrote under 5. Staff Diversity, Multi-Culturalism, Pluralism a) Increase the number of black and female…reporters and editors, through both hiring and training; at least 25 percent will be minority. (5 of 10 points)” THE DOWNWARD SPIRAL # 5 2-5-1990

That last Spiral is my favorite, first because it verified redlining and discrimination in hiring, and second, because it published the debut of a comic strip I wrote called “ALBIE and the  PIRATES.”

That was a the beginning of my comic book writing career. Unbeknownst to me, the fifth was the last issue of the Spiral, so that was the end of my comic book career.

The Downward Spiral did not escape notice of the media. Former Free Press reporter Deborah Kaplan was by late 1989 editor of Detroit’s alternative newspaper, Metro Times. Kaplan wrote an editorial about the Feree Press and its ethics problems. CUTTING SPECIAL DEALS WITH SOURCES by Deborah Kaplan METRO TIMES Dwc. 13-19, 1989

Metro Times writer Roseanne Less wrote a feature article about The Downward Spiral. ONE STORY YOU WILL NEVER READ IN THE FREE PRESS by Roseanne Less METRO TIMES Dec. 13-19, 1989

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Lowell Kelly, UM, ham radio, and Peace Corps

BY JOEL THURTELL

Thirty-five years ago, I met a retired University of Michigan psychology professor who was in charge of admitting volunteers to the newly-formed Peace Corps in the early 1960’s. And a former Peace Corps volunteer (Togo, West Africa), I was interested in meeting Kelly. He agreed to an interview, even though he hated interviews.

John Palmisano is historian at the UM Amateur Radio Club. He discovered that Kelly and his wife Lillian were ham radio operators. He asked if I would make my Free Press stories about Lowell Kelly available. Full disclosure: I am a ham radio operator and member of UMARC. With permission of the Detroit Free Press, here  are my two 1985 stories about Lowell Kelly:

Edition: STATE EDITION

Publication: DETROIT FREE PRESS

Date: 10-07-1985

Headline: JFK’S PEACE CORPS STILL ON THE JOB AT 25

Byline: JOEL THURTELL, FREE PRESS STAFF WRITER

Text: ANN ARBOR — Lowell Kelly was at the University of Michigan Oct. 14, 1960,

when presidential candidate John F. Kennedy promised to form what is now known as  the Peace Corps.

Kennedy’s plane was late, recalls Kelly,  who then was chairman of the University of Michigan psychology department. “He arrived at two o’clock in the morning, and it was pouring down rain.”

Kelly didn’t know it at the time, but he was soon to become part of the new federal agency as its first director of volunteer selections.

The 25th anniversary celebration of the Peace  Corps, created in 1961 by the newly elected Kennedy, will be kicked off today and Tuesday on the steps of the Michigan Union, where Kennedy made his speech.

A QUARTER a century after its birth  the Peace Corps still sends volunteers to underdeveloped countries, often in remote villages, to teach and to  help with agricultural or other projects.

Kelly, 79, says  that more specialists  are being attracted to the Peace Corps now than in his era.  Patrick Pietrzak, who holds the post Kelly once held, agrees.

“There is still room for the generalist in the Peace Corps, but about half of what we put in in a given year is the scarcer skills — secondary education math and science teachers, special ed teachers, foresters and skilled trades,” he said.

“The Peace Corps is not just  strictly altruism,” Pietrzak said.

But Scott Munzel, a U-M law student who was a Peace Corps agricultural extension agent in Ecuador from 1981 to 1983, thinks the old attitude of idealism is still  prevalent among volunteers.

“THE STEREOTYPE of the early volunteer was somebody charging off to change the world,” Munzel said. Current volunteers are “trying to do the same thing.”

Munzel thinks  a volunteer today must still be innovative and adaptable. A member of the U-M Marching Band before he joined the Peace Corps, Munzel, 26, played his saxophone to break the ice with people in the Andes  Mountains village of Espinel, population 500, where he was stationed.

For Munzel, being truly effective meant  forgetting  his own ideas about what could be accomplished and how much time a project  should take.

When the locals were slow in ordering a truck to deliver concrete lids for Munzel’s village latrine project, Munzel knew he could rent a truck and finish the project himself. “But that competes with having local people learn to do it,” he said.

THE EXPERIENCES of Jon Heise, who was among the first volunteers chosen by Kelly to be a Peace Corps teacher, are much the same —  even though he volunteered 23 years ago.

Munzel, who is now director of the U-M International Center, was 22 in 1962 when he was sent to teach in Harar, Ethiopia, a town of about 20,000 in an isolated  mountainous region.

“We were the first white people they had even seen,” he said.

The ideal skin color to the Ethopians  was a coffee-with- cream color, and white skin  “was clearly unflattering,”  he said.

To Heise, the fact that black Africans had prejudices about skin color “was very surprising — I didn’t expect it.”

Slowly, Heise began to notice changes in his own attitudes.

THE ETHIOPIAN standard of living was low and Heise was learning “how little was necessary for a happy and satisfying life.”

In Harar, Heise’s house was “a mix of cement, mud, animal dung, plaster, sticks and straw.” The roof was corrugated zinc.

During the rainy season, water came from a public faucet. During the dry season, Heise bought water from vendors whose donkeys carried five-gallon jerry cans from house to house.

Ethiopians, he said, “Could do with very little, and did. The quality of their life did not deteriorate” because they lacked consumer goods. “It may have been enriched.  You don’t need a refrigerator to be happy,” he said.

Keywords: PEACE CORPS

Edition: METRO FINAL

Publication: DETROIT FREE PRESS

Date: 11-21-1985

Headline: AN ENEMY OF INTERVIEWS

Byline: JOEL THURTELL, FREE PRESS STAFF WRITER

Text: Lowell Kelly has been dead set against personal interviews ever since the 1930s.

The problem: Kelly, then studying in Germany, couldn’t come for the all-important job interview at an East Coast university.

In the view of the former chairman of the University of Michigan psychology department and a past president of the American Psychological Association,there’s only one time when a face-to-face  meeting is important.

When you’re choosing a marriage partner.

FOR KELLY and his wife, Lillian, that’s all there was: One meeting — person-to-person, at least.

There were plenty of meetings  before and after they first cast eyes on each other, but they were all by radio.

By 1936, Lowell Kelly had the job teaching psychology at the University of Connecticut. Lillian was living in Haiti,  where her father was engineering roads for the United Fruit Co.

Every morning while he was having coffee, Kelly would chat with several other amateur radio operators. “Lillian was the other member”  of the circle.

“I didn’t know anything about her, except that she was born in Jamaica and had an unbelievably broad British accent.”

On a trip to the United States, she visited briefly with him. Kelly said, “I thought she was very pleasant, but it never occurred to me that we would ever marry.”

Afterward, their on-the-air conversations became more intimate. To reduce eavesdropping, they  began talking in high- speed Morse code.

One day, in code, he asked the big question.

And in Morse her answer came back: “Yes.”

Then her father came into the radio room. “So I popped the question  to the old man,” also an experienced radio operator.

“It was the first time I ever heard his ‘fist’ tremble” at the telegraph key: ” ‘We give you our blessing.’ ”

AT 80, Kelly is retired, a resident  of the Glacier Hills senior apartments at Ann Arbor. His latest project is a critique of the medical profession from a personal point of view.

Born Nov. 15, 1905, Kelly was reared on a farm in northern Indiana. Despite his practical background, he earned a doctorate in experimental psychology at    Stanford University.

But the commitment to pure science didn’t last. Often, practical problems in his  personal life arose, and he tried to relate them to broader social issues.

FIFTY YEARS AGO, when the dean of the University of Connecticut wrote to him in Germany to say his credentials were fine,  but “never has the university hired anyone without a face-to-face interview,” Kelly began to wonder how his own experience related to society’s penchant for conducting interviews.

Kelly talked the  dean into hiring him by letter and now delights in telling the fate of the university’s one other psychology professor.

Unlike Kelly, the senior psychologist was hired after the hallowed job interview, only to be sent packing after it was revealed that he had seduced a female student.

That incident prompted Kelly to do research on interviewing — “a widely

used and much trusted personnel technique.  I could find no evidence of its validity,” he said, “and some studies raised doubts about it.”

IN THE 1950S, Kelly began studying U-M medical students, all of whom were accepted only after being  interviewed by two members of the medical faculty’s admissions committee.

There were two pools of medical school applicants: Those who were qualified by undergraduate grades and aptitude test scores — and those who weren’t.

After three years on the Medical School admissions committee, Kelly said, “I resigned in disgust.

“The evidence was that interviews were contributing absolutely nothing  to the selection process.”

Kelly’s alternative? Reject the unqualified applicants and “decide the rest on the basis of a lottery.”

But Kelly said he has lost his battle against the personal interview.

The practice remains widespread and is still in use at the U-M Medical School.

KELLY WAS the first chief of selections for the Peace Corps, but his interest in selecting people scientifically was established by the 1940s, when he devised the Navy’s system for choosing pilot trainees.

A private pilot since 1935, Kelly discovered that the Army Air Corps was selecting air cadets by measuring  candidates’ physical reflexes. “I tried a completely different approach. I kept a record of those who succeeded and failed in pilot training. I had them fill out questionnaires about their likes  and dislikes. If a certain response was typical of a successful trainee, it got a plus. If it was typical of failures, it got a minus.”

This way, Kelly devised “a fairly successful biographical inventory”  for screening poor candidates out of training. HIS TEST eventually would be used throughout the Navy. But in the beginning, there was a problem. “A few of the people who scored very highly were washed  out.”

“Ham radio came to the rescue,” he said. Kelly outfitted a training plane with an amateur radio transmitter that sent conversations between instructor and student to the ground. There, Lowell  and Lillian Kelly were recording the exchanges.

“The problem was the flight instructors,” he said. “They all had learned to fly in cow pastures, taught by people who learned the same way. They didn’t know a damned thing about aerodynamics.”

A FEW Navy pilots found a way to do some testing on Kelly.

“I wanted to go through flight training, get a set of wings,” he said. But he was 37 — too  old, the Navy said.

For the author of the Navy’s instructional book on instrument flying, this posed a credibility problem. He was regarded as a professor who lacked practical experience.

The  following “test” of Kelly was repeated often:

The scene was a Montreal airfield. Kelly was seated with other passengers, including three admirals and four generals, in a B-24 Liberator, a four-engine heavy bomber. The plane took off for Washington, D.C.

“We’d just about gotten altitude,” Kelly said. “The pilot came back where I was sleeping.”

ASKED THE PILOT: “Would you mind flying this Liberator  on to Washington?”

“I’d never been in one before, but I thought, ‘at least I’ll have a

co-pilot,’ ” Kelly recalled.

But, said Kelly, “There wasn’t a co-pilot.” He was alone in the cabin with four sets of instruments and controls for four engines. Even though he had flown small planes, this was a shock.

Kelly turned to the pilot: “At least give me a minute to figure this out.”

“Oh,”  the pilot responded, “You’ll figure it out. You know how to fly on instruments.”

The pilot went back to Kelly’s seat and took a nap.

A few hours later, the B-24 with a tense Kelly at the controls  approached Washington.

“The pilot was good enough to land it,” said Kelly.

Keywords: BIOGRAPHY; LOWELL KELLY

 

 

 

Posted in Adventures in history, ham radio, Togo & Peace Corps | Leave a comment

First Amendment for reporters? Gannett says ‘NOPE!”

BY JOEL THURTELL

Screams from The New York Times, Wall Street Journal, and Washington Post.

Those authoritarian Chinese booted our journalists!

But Trump expelled 60 Chinese journalists from the US.

Do foreign journalists have First Amendment rights?

Better question: do US journalists have First Amendment rights?

According to one newspaper owner,  the answer is “NO!!”

Detroit Free Press/Detroit Media Partnership (Gannett) Human Resources Director Kirstin Starkey told The Newspaper Guild in 2007:

“Please be aware that First Amendment rights are limited to public institutions. The Free Press, a private employer, is not held to this standard.

If a reporter is not protected by the First Amendment, who is?

The OWNERS!

According to Gannett, the First Amendment is the exclusive property of “private employers,” but not their employees.

So, the Detroit Free Press has First Amendment rights. Its owner, Gannett, has First Amendment rights.

The ones who don’t have First Amendment rights are the people who go out and get the news!

Look on the bright side.

American or Chinese, we are equals.

None of us has First Amendment rights.

 

 

Posted in Bad government, Joel's J School, Subpoenaed reporters, Unions | Leave a comment

REMEMBERING PATTI

PEPPERMINT PATTI PATRICIA BECK/Staff Photographer

PEPPERMINT PATTI

PEPPERMINT PATTI: AUGUST 24, 2005-DECEMBER 2, 2019

Joel Thurtell

December 4, 2019. Middle of the night. Sleeping deeply. I hear a dog bark. It is Patti. She wants to go out. I get up, normally, and let her out to pee and poop. But not this time. It was her urgent bark. Meaning, “I need to go out NOW!”

I was hearing that particular bark a lot the last few days. Normally, Patti would not do her sharp, urgent bark. She would know that I was sitting on a couch not three feet from the door where she was standing on the patio steps on the outside wanting in. She would know that I was nearby, because she had hopped down from the sofa minutes before to be let out. She would have been lying with her right side pressed against the side of my left leg. She knew right where I was, so she would not bark. She would make a soft, almost cat-like mewing sound. I would hear, stand up, go to the door and let her in. However, if I failed to open the door in a timely way, she would increase the volume until I got her meaning. The loudest, shrillest and most insistent barking I ever heard from Patti happened in Canada after she harassed a full-grown black bear up a pine tree. The bear sat on a limb growling angrily as our white bullet raced back and forth below, treating the bear as if he were nothing more threatening than one of her backyard squirrels.

But in the night, what I heard was not Patti. It could not have been Patti, because Patti died suddenly in the vet’s office about 10:30 Monday morning, December 2, 2019. She was having an x-ray after an exam that showed her seemingly normal health except for that intestinal bug for which the vet was about to prescribe medication.

I was waiting alone in the exam room while staff did the x-ray. Suddenly, a different vet burst into the room and told me that while Patti was being made ready for the x-ray, she collapsed and her heart stopped. They had intubated her, were giving her oxygen, and trying to revive her. I was stunned. The vet left and I sat by myself in the exam room. A few minutes later, the vet who examined her came in and told me they had gotten her heart to beat weakly, and then it stopped. She could not be brought back.  Patti was gone. She was 14 years old. She was my flop eared little dog with the plume tail and purple belly. She was, as I often, often proclaimed, the best of all the dogs. Best of all possible dogs.

I met Patti in spring, 2006. My late wife, Karen Fonde, announced that her mom needed a dog. Karen said she had found the perfect little dog at the Humane Society. Unlike other dogs we’d had, this one was small enough to sit on your lap. Karen grew up with dogs that were lapdogs. The Fonde family favorite was Sisi, a miniature poodle. I might have wondered for whom was she getting this dog. But her mom was a dog lover and this dog would be perfect. The only hitch was that someone else had signed up to get her. Karen had put her name down, but was second in line. Her mom could use a dog’s company. She was taking care of Karen’s dad, who had Alzheimer’s Disease. Karen really wanted that dog. She would stop at the Humane Society on her way home. Soon, her persistence paid off. The woman whose name was first did not come back. Karen pounced. Her mom got a dog.

In theory, a dog would be great company for Edith. It is true that Edith loved dogs. However, Hank, Karen’s dad, was not a dog lover. With dementia, Hank needed watching. Patti was less than a year old. She barked. She barked a lot. Her energy level was amazing. If she got loose, she would run and run and run with no thought of where she was going. She was a stray for a reason. She was a chewer. She liked to chew on underwear. She gnawed furniture. Nothing was too disgusting for Patti to ingest. Nonetheless, Edith was delighted. She named this little stray “Peppermint Patti.”

Karen was happy. She had done a good turn for her mom. We were driving north on I-75 heading for McGregor Bay in Canada, where Karen’s family had an island cottage. My cell phone rang. It was Edith. “Can I talk to Karen?” Karen was driving. I handed the phone to her. I could hear the stress in Edith’s voice. “Do you want a dog? Because if you don’t, I’m taking her back to the pound!” Before I could say anything, Karen said, “Don’t do that! We’ll be back in a week. If you can keep her that long, we’ll take her.” Her mom agreed. I did not. Karen signed off and handed me the phone. I said, “We already have one dog. We don’t need another! This is nuts!” A week later, we took Patti to our house – her new home. We had two dogs. Toby, a terrier mix also from the Humane Society, was old and feeble. He seemed to borrow some of Patti’s energy. He enjoyed watching her frolic in our backyard. Patti assigned herself the duty of squirrel suppression. Keep those nasty bush tails in the trees! Karen bought a battery-powered bark collar that emitted high-pitched sound when it detected a dog’s bark. We went through a lot of batteries. You had to watch Patti every minute. The watchfulness is so ingrained that I still ask whether the yard gate is closed, and I pull the front door shut so that Patti, who no longer is eagerly pursuing me, will not follow me to the mailbox. We were mindful of how she wound up at the Humane Society. Our little stray.

Late that summer of 2006, Edith had a stroke. Karen’s dad couldn’t be left home alone, so we took him into our house. In those days, I came to understand why Edith felt she couldn’t keep Patti. It was not just that she chewed on clothes and chairs. Patti had been out in the rain. When I let her in, I wiped off her feet. Hank was nearby, watching. He had some advice: “Get rid of it!” I wonder how often Edith heard those words. Karen and her sisters moved Hank into an assisted living facility. We did not get rid of Patti.

I told Karen in no uncertain terms, “No way is Patti going to sleep on our bed!” I was out of town one night. The following night, I watched Patti leap on the bed. She did it so adroitly that I sensed she’d had some practice.  “I thought it would be neat so see how it worked,” Karen said. Oh well, it’s a queen-size bed. Karen was a bed hog. So, it turned out, was Patti. But soon – I mean right away – I missed Patti if she was not on the bed. In the last few weeks, as the nights turned cold, Patti would wake me to put her on a couch in the living room. Our bedroom is cold, sometimes in the low 60’s. I figured maybe it was too chilly for our senior citizen, Patti.

Patti was a stray, so staff at the Humane Society had no papers to show how old she was or what breed. They made up a birth date gauged by her size – August 24, 2005. They guessed at what kind of dog she was: “Bichón mix.”

Whatever her pedigree was didn’t matter. Patti was elegant. She kept her white plume tail erect with a little forward curve. Her tail was a flag. On the island in McGregor Bay, she would chase critters into their holes. It was her policy not to come when she was called, unless it served her purpose. I had looked all over for her, but she was concentrating on the job at hand – terrorizing some chipmunk, digging away at its refuge hole. She was ignoring me, but I found her when I saw a white flag waving in the woods.

Patti seemed to be smiling. She had a way of letting strangers know that she loved them on sight. She was a happy dog who signaled her happiness to people. Children were her special interest. She would spot a kid or kids a block away and head straight for them. It was her duty to bring joy to little people. I would be walking her in our neighborhood, and people would say, “What kind of dog is that?”  I would give them my rap – Humane Society, no papers, Bichón mix, et cetera. I would end by saying “whatever her breed, she’s the best of all possible dogs!” Last year, Linda Kurtz solved the mystery. She took a saliva swab from Patti’s mouth and had a DNA test done. I can tell you that Patti was one-quarter cocker spaniel, one-quarter miniature poodle, one-quarter Bichón frisé, and one quarter unknown.

Patti had been living with us for six months when I wrote about her in the Detroit Free Press. The headline said, “CALLING THE ER VETS.” The subhead said, “PEPPERMINT PATTI IS A 14-POUND BALL OF FLUFF WITH AN APPETITE – FOR TROUBLE.” We used to wonder if Patti had a death wish. She lived dangerously. My story began, “She’s our $1,000 dog.”

“Patti likes to eat,” I wrote. “She will eat anything. She snatches trash from wastebaskets.” True enough. Her barking diminished. Over time, she learned to modulate her vocal expressions. She would not bark if a soft murmur would make her point. I wrote that Patti  would snatch “food off the table. Eyeglasses from a desk. She once devoured a batch of cookies. Yanked them off the dining room table. Ate cookies, plastic bag and all. But that’s not why we call her our $1,000 dog.” The thousand bucks referred to the emergency veterinarian bills we paid after she ate rat poison. I took her to a vet who poo-poo’ed my belief that Patti ate d-con. I was right. The ER vet confirmed it and saved her life. I ended the story by describing how she somehow leaped high off the floor to land a big chunk of high-octane chocolate, which can be lethal to dogs. Back to the ER. Her life was saved, again. Never mind that it almost killed her, Patti had found a taste for chocolate. We really had to be careful. I ended my story by noting that she was now our $1,500 dog.

Little did I know. One morning, Karen heard Patti give out a pained squeal. Examining her coat, Karen discovered a small slit on Patti’s chest with blood around it. Patti in those days would chase squirrels with so much energy that she would leap upward against the side of a big maple tree. On her way down, a fallen branch jabbed between her skin and her ribs. Emergency vet — again.

Patti managed at different times to tear both anterior cruciate ligaments. Surgery to repair the first injury cost $2,300. The second time, I chose to forego surgery. The knee healed just fine. In the summer of 2010, Karen and I were staying in our cottage in McGregor Bay. Patti developed a cough. We took her to our regular vet. He couldn’t diagnose the problem. Took her to a second vet. She took an x-ray and saw a white cloud around Patti’s lungs. Diagnosis: bacterial infection or maybe cancer. Prescription: antibiotics. The medicine made her worse. She was coughing. Oozing pus from around her eyes and getting sores on her skin. Back in Canada, we took her to a vet who instantly diagnosed blastomycosis. Blasto is a fungal disease that attacks mammals, including humans. In Killarney that summer, a man died of blasto. We bought human anti-fungal medicine from a pharmacy and saved Patti’s life. We also were given drops to put in her eyes to save her eyesight, because blasto colonizes to the eyes. Several years later, I learned that in 2010 the blasto destroyed the retina in Patti’s right eye. She compensated so well – chasing squirrels, jumping into and out of boats – that I didn’t catch on that she had lost the sight in one eye. What I knew was that Patti was our five thousand dollar dog and I had stopped tabulating her medical costs.

Karen was right. Patti was a lapdog. She loved to jump on the couch and lie on your lap. In recent times, she preferred to snuggle alongside my thigh. If I should get up, she would move into my spot. She did the same thing on the bed. She liked to take over the warmth I left on a bed or a couch. In the house, she kept track of me. She would lie near me when I wrote at the computer. I have a dog bed under each of the desks where I write.

In summer 2009, Karen was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s Disease. Previously, she had been misdiagnosed with depression. I only found out after her brain was autopsied that in addition to Alzheimer’s, she suffered from Lewy Body Dementia. By June 2011, it wasn’t safe for Karen to live in the house. I placed Karen in an assisted living facility. When I visited Karen, I always brought Patti. The caregivers and other residents loved Patti. I spent evenings in Karen’s room. We would watch a movie, or I would read. Patti would jump onto the bed and cuddle with Karen. Patti loved to lick, and Karen enjoyed having Patti lick her.

It was very hard not having Karen in the house. I was in despair many times, and when I was in the pits, that little dog was there, lying on my lap or alongside my leg, sending warmth from her body to mine. I doted on her, but she doted on me. She was like a shadow, and whenever I came back to the house, she would greet me with great enthusiasm.

In the wee hours of March 1, 2015, Patti knew something was wrong. She lay on Karen and licked her arms and was still licking when Karen took her last breath. After Karen died, Patti was a living link to our common past – Karen’s mom, Karen, Patti, and me. Then it was Karen, me, and Patti. Always Patti. With Karen gone, I still had the dog she loved. Now what I have is the memory of that ball of fluff. And there was that bark I heard in my sleep that could not possibly have been Patti. Patti by then was dead.

I can see her, though, the white flag of a tail, the purple belly, and the flop ears. I can hear her murmuring through the door that she wants to come in. No worry, my sweet little Patti. You are already in.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Posted in Peppermint Patti | Leave a comment

Messaging Ford’s Nazi plants in wartime

“Since the state of war between U.S.A. and Germany

I am unable to correspond with you very easily.”

— Maurice Dollfus, Ford factory manager in Poissy, France

January 28, 1942 letter to Edsel Ford

BY JOEL THURTELL

Ford Motor Company spent millions on a history project aimed at refuting accusations that its wartime factories in Nazi-occupied Europe used slave labor and supplied cars, trucks, half-tracks and aircraft engines to Hitler’s war against the western democracies and the Jews.

In 2001, Ford triumphantly proclaimed that its corporate historians found no contact between the Dearborn-based company and its European operations after November 28, 1941, according to the December 7, 2001 Detroit Free Press.

The Cologne plant had been supplying Hitler with cars, trucks, and half-tracks before the US declared war, according to Max Wallace in The American Axis: Henry Ford, Charles Lindbergh, and the Rise of the Third Reich (New York, 2003).

The Cologne plant continued its production of military material for Hitler, including turbines for V-2 rocket engines.

Early in 1942, Edsel received a letter dated January 28 from Maurice Dollfus, manager of the Ford factory in Poissy, near Paris in Nazi-occupied France.

Dollfus wrote, “Since the state of war between U.S.A. and Germany

I am unable to correspond with you very easily.”

Edsel went to Washington to see what could be done.

Breckinridge Long was an assistant secretary of state in the administration of President Franklin Roosevelt.

Long had just told Jewish organizations that the United States’ Trading with the Enemy Act prevented the government from helping Jewish refugees from the Holocaust, according to Charles Higham in Trading with the Enemy (New York, 1983).

Edsel told Long he needed to secretly stay in touch with the company’s manufacturing operation at Poissy that was turning out cars, trucks, and engines for the Nazi war machine, but it would not look good to the public if it became known that.

Over the past two years, Hitler’s troops had invaded and taken over Poland, the Low Countries, and France in alliance with Mussolini’s fascist Italy. The Germans had bombed Britain to soften up the last holdout for invasion by swastika-waving troops. Nazi U-boats were sinking Allied ships in record numbers as they tried to re-supply bomb-ravaged England. Here was this cheeky emissary from Henry Ford, son of Ford, with the gall to ask that he be allowed to buoy Hitler’s war effort and thus directly menace American servicemen.

Did Breckinridge Long explain to Edsel Ford that the United States had a law that banned the conduct Edsel was proposing? Did he point out that if aid to Jews broke the law, so would Edsel’s plan to correspond with his Nazi-run plants?

Of course not.

Long told Edsel he could have a company courier between Dearborn and Ford offices in France via neutral Portugal.

Contrary to the corporate historians, November 28, 1941 was not the last time Ford heard from its Nazi-affiliated plants. Dollfus wrote to Edsel on August 15, 1942 that production had been moved away from Poissy after British bombers attacked the factory; damaged equipment had been repaired; operations at Poissy would be resumed, Dollfus reported.

German companies set up a $5.1 billion fund to compensate slave workers. Ford contributed $13 million. The company has not compensated those who suffered from damage caused by weapons Ford made for Hitler.

Does it sound radical to compensate victims of wartime attacks?

Not if the victim is Ford Motor Company. In September, 1942, Edsel learned from Dollfus that Hitler’s government had compensated Ford with 38 million francs for damages British bombers caused to the Poissy plant. In 1945, Ford’s plant in Cologne received $1,1 million from the US government to cover damages caused by Allied bombing.

Drop me a line at joelthurtell(at)gmail.com

 

Posted in Adventures in history, Henry Ford | Leave a comment

Ford should pay World War II reparations

“I regard Henry Ford as my inspiration.”

— Adolf Hitler

BY JOEL THURTELL

Did Bill McGraw think for one minute that the city of Dearborn would publish his story about Henry Ford’s hatred of Jews?

I was not surprised that Dearborn Mayor John B. O’Reilly Jr. quashed the story McGraw wrote for the Dearborn Historian, or that he was fired as editor of the city’s historical magazine.

McGraw found a publisher outside Dearborn. The online newspaper, Deadline Detroit, posted his article, “100 Years Later, Dearborn Confronts the Hate of Hometown Hero Henry Ford.”

I don’t feel sorry for a mayor who would censor a historical journal. But I imagine O’Reilly was only doing what someone told him to do — squelch any suggestion that Henry Ford supported Hitler and promoted Nazi death camps.

Did O’Reilly maybe get a scathing phone call from someone in the Ford family? It’s happened before. Former Dearborn Historian editor David Good told me that roughly a year ago, two people involved with the from the city’s museum received blistering phone calls from Edsel Ford demanding that a Henry Ford-related story by Good be killed.

Good said that on Friday, January 25, the mayor okayed McGraw’s story about Henry Ford’s attacks on Jews, although he ordered that a cover quotation from Ford be cut: “The Jew is a race that has no civilization to point to, no aspiring religion, no great achievement in any realm.”

Good said he and McGraw objected to the change. On Monday, January 26, they learned that the mayor had banned the city from mailing some 200 copies of the magazine and had the city library’s lone copy of the Dearborn Historian seized.

Who knows what moved the mayor? Personally, I doubt O’Reilly made the decision alone. I suspect Dearborn’s higher-ups couldn’t stomach the truth about Henry Ford’s virulent anti-Semitism. Ford Motor Company has spent millions scrubbing the corporation’s history so it would look like Ford did not promote the Nazi war effort or profit from Ford operations under the swastika, including the use of slave labor in its plants.

Henry Ford once said “history is bunk.”

If history is bunk, why suppress it?

Because for Ford, truth is a nightmare.

A nightmare about money.

A nightmare about sneaking a courier into Nazi-occupied France so Henry’s son Edsel Ford could communicate with Ford’s chief French executive, Maurice Dollfus, about operations in Ford’s Berlin-directed plant in Poissy, France. The factory was manufacturing trucks for the German Wehrmacht, with its output surpassing French car manufacturers. After Great Britain’s Royal Air Force bombed the Poissy plant four times, the Nazis awarded Ford 38 million francs in compensation, according to author Charles Higham in his book, Trading with the Enemy.

General Motors should not rest easy. GM factories turned out machines for the Nazis, too.  Our air crews risked their lives and many were killed to stop the Germans from getting war materials, yet the US in 1967 reimbursed General Motors $33 million for destruction of its aircraft and motor vehicle plants in Nazi Germany and Austria during World War II, according to Higham.

How many millions from Europe and the US died either trying to stop the Nazi war machine or in Nazi-inspired wartime attacks?

Is there a price that could be multiplied times all the people who were killed or ruined by the Nazis? What portion of all those deaths might be attributed to help the Nazis got from American companies like Ford and GM?

It would not cost millions for a crew of economic historians to calculate the profits Ford and GM made by trading with Hitler. Take the total and calculate compound interest to the present.

Could they pay the bill?

What if the cost is higher than the companies’ valuation?

Would they face bankruptcy?

Expropriation?

I don’t advocate destroying these companies. Just replace the leaders with people who respect human life, dignity, and the truth.

And order them to pay real compensation.

The truth is not bunk. It is Ford’s nightmare.

For more about the US-based companies that did business with the Nazi enemy, there is a book that describes these betrayals in detail: Charles Higham, Trading With the Enemy: The Nazi-American Money Plot 1933-1949 (New York, 1983, 1995). See also Max Wallace, The American Axis: Henry Ford, Charles Lindbergh, and the Rise of the Third Reich (New York, 2003); Albert Lee, Henry Ford and the Jews (New York, 1980); Neil Baldwin, Henry Ford and the Jews: The Mass Production of Hate (New York, 2001).

Drop me a line at joelthurtell(at)gmail.com

 

Posted in Adventures in history, Auto bailout, censorship | Leave a comment

Wayne County: turn old Ford mills into modern hydro plants

By JOEL THURTELL

Instead of selling Henry Ford’s historic former hydroelectric plants to developers, Wayne County could convert the old dams into state-of-the-art, revenue-generating hydro facilities.

Wayne County citizens have recently protested the proposed sale of three former Ford-owned mills on the Middle Rouge River.

The county’s current plan calls for letting developers turn the buildings into privately-owned, profit-making shops. Opponents want the county to preserve the old mills as part of the public park system.

Why not convert the former Phoenix hydro plant in Plymouth Township, Wilcox mill in Plymouth, and Newburgh mill in Livonia into modern hydroelectric generating plants? They could transmit income to Wayne County. The same could be done for the Nankin Mill in Westland.

It’s not a new idea.

I proposed it in a December 6, 2006 Detroit Free Press column:

THE WAVE OF THE FUTURE:  WAYNE COUNTY COULD MAKE COOL CASH FROM SALE OF WATER-GENERATED POWER.

One of the people now protesting Wayne County’s plan to sell the mills was the chief naysayer to my proposal for renovating them back in 2006.

Ann Arbor’s hydro plants

I wrote that Wayne County could repeat Ann Arbor’s experience renovating two former DTE hydro dams on the Huron River in the mid-1980’s. Those two plants have been generating watts and bucks for Ann Arbor since 1986. In the mid-1980’s, Ann Arbor changed its city charter to allow it to operate a public utility. The city issued 24-year revenue bonds that financed improvements to the Barton and Superior dams and installation of modern generating equipment. By spring of 1986, the dams were generating electricity whose sale to DTE eventually paid off the revenue bonds. With the debt long ago repaid, those two dams’ income is adding money to the city’s treasury.

My 2006 proposal

I proposed that Wayne County issue revenue bonds to pay for improvements to the four former Ford hydro plants.  I suggested the revenues could be used to finance a women’s museum then proposed for the Phoenix mill. My model for a Wayne County dam program was Ann Arbor’s success. I wrote that “the city sold municipal bonds to raise money for new generators and water control equipment.”

Push back

My article generated a protest from Livonia resident Bill Craig, who recently was picketing against the sale of the old mills. In an email response to my column, he listed his credentials: former DTE power plant operator, president of the Holliday Nature Preserve Association and cochair of the Rouge River Remedial Action Plan Advisory Council. He wrote:

“So, anything to do with the Middle Rouge dams would require close inspection for contaminants = $,” Craig wrote. “The Nankin Mill turbine would require dredging flume, extensive repairs or replacement of ALL equipment, upgrading to modern specifications and questions of historical classification.” At Newburgh Lake, the “dam and facility would need extensive upgrading — $$$$.”

I wasn’t sure Bill Craig understood my argument that all costs of dam renovation — including environmental remediation — would be covered by the municipal bond issue, as was done in Ann Arbor. The debt would be repaid from electricity sales.

I took note of Craig’s comments about industrial contamination of the Rouge River in a December 24, 2006 column:

“Such a deal: Water power, a renewable resource, could actually finance an environmental cleanup.”

Drop me a line at joelthurtell(at)gmail.com

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Posted in Adventures on the Rouge, Good government, Lakes and streams | Leave a comment

Tarascan Surnames in Michoacán

By Joel Thurtell

The first of my peer-reviewed academic journal articles about Mexico’s Tarascan society broke important news about an ethnic group that has largely been overlooked by historians.

Scholars of Mexican history and anthropology were not previously aware that most colonial-era Tarascans around the colonial center at Pátzcuaro:

— Used pre-Hispanic native surnames.

— Native surnames were differentiated by gender.

— They maintained two pools of surnames — one male and one female — with different general meanings. Male names were related to wildlife or outdoors. Female surnames were related to the household.

— Gender-differentiated surnames were transmitted by mothers to daughters and fathers to sons.

— Their surname transmission system provided a means of tracking genealogy among a pre-Hispanic population who had no writing and among colonial indigenous who mostly could not read.

In a future post, I’ll speculate as to how scholars managed to miss out on the surname aspect of Tarascan culture. I’ll also weigh in on how many historians both academic and popular managed to ignore the presence of a second empire in Mexico when Hernán Cortés encountered the Aztec empire in central Mexico. The other empire belonged to the Tarascans in western Mexico. They had a well-organized government, priesthood, and military independent of the Aztecs. In fact, they had a line of forts that held the Aztecs back, and the Tarascans had always defeated the Aztecs in battle.

My article about Tarascan surname customs was published in April 2018 by the Journal of Interdisciplinary History. The article’s co-author is Emily Klancher Merchant, an Assistant Professor in Science and Technology Studies at the University of California-Davis.

Our article’s title is “Gender-Differentiated Tarascan Surnames in Michoacán.” It appears in JIH Volume 48, Number 4, Spring 2018, pp. 465-483. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History is published by MIT Press.

“Tarascan Surnames” is based on data I brought back from Mexico in 1971. Emily helped me interpret the data. I had discovered the Tarascans’ pre-Hispanic practice of gender-differentiated names when I was transcribing data from seventeenth-century church records onto standard data recovery forms. I began to see a pattern in the information married Indian couples were giving priests when they brought their babies to church for baptism. The fathers gave the priest different surnames than their wives.

When I made this discovery, I was living with the priest at Cuanajo, Michoacán, an isolated mountain town some dozen kilometers southeast of the municipal center at Pátzcuaro. Cuanajo people still identify as Tarascan five centuries after the Spanish Conquest. Many of Cuanajo’s residents still speak their native Tarascan language, or Purépecha. I don’t understand Purépecha, but one of the priest’s housekeepers was a Tarascan from Cuanajo. She helped me translate surnames. I began to see that besides having two separate sets of surnames for men and women, the names themselves had separate meanings. Men’s surnames were related to wildlife and outdoors. Women’s surnames were related to the household.

As I work with the Cuanajo and Pátzcuaro parish registers, I am more than ever convinced that they contain a rich trove of data for analyzing trends in mortality and fertility as well as changes in indigenous social structures.  Surnames are links between different times in the past. Surname meanings can be clues to ancient social systems and values.

In the JIH article, I showed that fathers passed their surnames to their sons, and mothers bestowed their surnames on their daughters. This custom has never before been reported. If scholars understand that this was happening, they may see a new approach to the study of kinship and family organization among colonial Tarascan people. It is possible to project colonial era practices back into pre-Conquest times. It is also possible to track changes in name-giving practices into modern times.

Following the Spanish Conquest, Catholic priests in the sixteenth century tried to suppress native names, replacing them with Spanish language Christian names. They did not succeed with the Tarascans. Nonetheless, in some places, use of native names waned. But in late seventeenth-century Cuanajo, few people replaced native names with Spanish ones. The rate of native name retention among Cuanajo women was 100 percent. Through the parish registers, we thus can see differing rates of surname retention. I suspect these varying rates are related to the rate of assimilation or mestization going on in different places. The role of women in preserving pre-Conquest cultural practices without apparently being detected by the Spanish priests is another subject I plan to delve into.

In future articles, I will show how these differing surname retention rates are indicators of the rate of erosion or retention of Tarascan culture. In other words, the level at which native surnames and gender-differentiation were retained is a kind of speedometer for the rate of culture change.

Drop me a line at joelthurtell(at)gmail.com 

 

 

 

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